外键约束的要求解析
- 约束保证数据的完整性和一致性
- 约束分为表级约束和列级约束
- 约束类型包括:
- NOT NULL(非空约束)
- PRIMARY KEY(主键约束)
- UNIQUE KEY(唯一约束)
- DEFAULT(默认约束)
- FOREIGN KEY(外键约束)
FOREIGN KEY:
- 保持数据一致性,完整性。
- 实现一对一或一对多关系。
外键约束的要求
- 父表和子表必须使用相同的存储引擎,而且禁止使用临时表。
- 数据表的存储引擎只能为InnoDB。
- 外键列和参照列必须具有相似的数据类型。其中数字的长度或是否有符号位必须相同;而字符的长度则可以不同。
- 外键列和参照列必须创建索引。如果外键列不存在索引的话,MySQL将自动创建索引。
编辑数据表的默认存储引擎
修改MySQL配置文件:
default-storage-engine=INNODB
演示外键约束
创建数据表:
mysql> CREATE TABLE provinces(
-> id SMALLINT UNSIGNED PRIMARY KEY AUTO_INCREMENT,
-> pname VARCHAR(20) NOT NULL
-> );
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.07 sec)
查看数据表DB类型:
mysql> SHOW CREATE TABLE provinces;
+-----------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------+
| Table | Create Table
|
+-----------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------+
| provinces | CREATE TABLE `provinces` (
`id` smallint(5) unsigned NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT,
`pname` varchar(20) NOT NULL,
PRIMARY KEY (`id`)
) ENGINE=InnoDB DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8 |
+-----------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
1 row in set (0.02 sec)
创建一个users
表,建立外键约束:
mysql> CREATE TABLE users(
-> id SMALLINT UNSIGNED PRIMARY KEY AUTO_INCREMENT,
-> username VARCHAR(10) NOT NULL,
-> pid BIGINT,
-> FOREIGN KEY(pid) REFERENCES provinces(id)
-> );
ERROR 1215 (HY000): Cannot add foreign key constraint
出现错误,因为users
表的pid
和provinces
表中的id
字段的数据类型不一致。
创建users
表,字段和provinces
表id
字段数据类型一致,但默认是有符号位的:
mysql> CREATE TABLE users(
-> id SMALLINT UNSIGNED PRIMARY KEY AUTO_INCREMENT,
-> username VARCHAR(10) NOT NULL,
-> pid SMALLINT,
-> FOREIGN KEY(pid) REFERENCES provinces(id)
-> );
ERROR 1215 (HY000): Cannot add foreign key constraint
依然报错,所以符号位也必须要一致。
再次修改新建表的sql:
mysql> CREATE TABLE users(
-> id SMALLINT UNSIGNED PRIMARY KEY AUTO_INCREMENT,
-> username VARCHAR(10) NOT NULL,
-> pid SMALLINT UNSIGNED,
-> FOREIGN KEY(pid) REFERENCES provinces(id)
-> );
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.11 sec)
创建users
表成功。
这时,users
表为子表,provinces
为父表;user.pid
为外键列,provinces.id
为参照列。
查看参照列索引:
mysql> SHOW INDEXES FROM provinces\G;
*************************** 1. row ***************************
Table: provinces
Non_unique: 0
Key_name: PRIMARY
Seq_in_index: 1
Column_name: id
Collation: A
Cardinality: 0
Sub_part: NULL
Packed: NULL
Null:
Index_type: BTREE
Comment:
Index_comment:
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
ERROR:
No query specified
注:\G
为查询结果按列打印。
查看外键列索引:
mysql> SHOW INDEXES FROM userS \G;
*************************** 1. row ***************************
Table: users
Non_unique: 0
Key_name: PRIMARY
Seq_in_index: 1
Column_name: id
Collation: A
Cardinality: 0
Sub_part: NULL
Packed: NULL
Null:
Index_type: BTREE
Comment:
Index_comment:
*************************** 2. row ***************************
Table: users
Non_unique: 1
Key_name: pid
Seq_in_index: 1
Column_name: pid
Collation: A
Cardinality: 0
Sub_part: NULL
Packed: NULL
Null: YES
Index_type: BTREE
Comment:
Index_comment:
2 rows in set (0.01 sec)
ERROR:
No query specified
查看users
表的表结构:
mysql> SHOW CREATE TABLE users\G;
*************************** 1. row ***************************
Table: users
Create Table: CREATE TABLE `users` (
`id` smallint(5) unsigned NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT,
`username` varchar(10) NOT NULL,
`pid` smallint(5) unsigned DEFAULT NULL,
PRIMARY KEY (`id`),
KEY `pid` (`pid`),
CONSTRAINT `users_ibfk_1` FOREIGN KEY (`pid`) REFERENCES `provinces` (`id`)
) ENGINE=InnoDB DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
ERROR:
No query specified
外键约束的参照操作
- CASCADE:从父表或更新且自动删除或更新子表中匹配的行
- SET NULL:从父表删除或更新行,并设置子表中的外键列为NULL。如果使用该选项,必须保证子表列没有指定NOT NULL。
- RESTRICT:拒绝对父表的删除或更新操作。
- NO ACTION:标准SQL的关键字,在MySQL中与RESTRICT相同。
创建一个新表:
mysql> CREATE TABLE users1(
-> id SMALLINT UNSIGNED PRIMARY KEY AUTO_INCREMENT,
-> username VARCHAR(10) NOT NULL,
-> pid SMALLINT UNSIGNED,
-> FOREIGN KEY(pid) REFERENCES provinces(id) ON DELETE CASCADE
-> );
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.11 sec)
查看表结构:
mysql> SHOW CREATE TABLE users1\G;
*************************** 1. row ***************************
Table: users1
Create Table: CREATE TABLE `users1` (
`id` smallint(5) unsigned NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT,
`username` varchar(10) NOT NULL,
`pid` smallint(5) unsigned DEFAULT NULL,
PRIMARY KEY (`id`),
KEY `pid` (`pid`),
CONSTRAINT `users1_ibfk_1` FOREIGN KEY (`pid`) REFERENCES `provinces` (`id`) ON DELETE CASCADE
) ENGINE=InnoDB DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
ERROR:
No query specified
在provinces
表中插入几条数据:
mysql> INSERT provinces(pname) VALUES('A');
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.10 sec)
mysql> INSERT provinces(pname) VALUES('B');
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.01 sec)
mysql> INSERT provinces(pname) VALUES('C');
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec)
mysql> SELECT * FROM provinces;
+----+-------+
| id | pname |
+----+-------+
| 1 | A |
| 2 | B |
| 3 | C |
+----+-------+
3 rows in set (0.03 sec)
在users1表插入记录:
mysql> INSERT users1(username,pid) VALUES('Tom',3);
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.02 sec)
mysql> INSERT users1(username,pid) VALUES('John',7);
ERROR 1452 (23000): Cannot add or update a child row: a foreign key constraint
ails (`test`.`users1`, CONSTRAINT `users1_ibfk_1` FOREIGN KEY (`pid`) REFERENCE
`provinces` (`id`) ON DELETE CASCADE)
第二条记录出错,因为pid为7,在父表中不存在,所以出错。
继续插入两条数据:
mysql> INSERT users1(username,pid) VALUES('Rose',2);
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec)
mysql> INSERT users1(username,pid) VALUES('John',3);
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec)
mysql> SELECT * FROM users1;
+----+----------+------+
| id | username | pid |
+----+----------+------+
| 1 | Tom | 3 |
| 3 | Rose | 2 |
| 4 | John | 3 |
+----+----------+------+
3 rows in set (0.00 sec)
中间插入失败一次,id
值也会递增1。
删除id
为3的记录:
mysql> DELETE FROM provinces WHERE id=3;
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.07 sec)
查看父表和子表的结果:
mysql> SELECT * FROM provinces;
+----+-------+
| id | pname |
+----+-------+
| 1 | A |
| 2 | B |
+----+-------+
2 rows in set (0.00 sec)
mysql> SELECT * FROM users1;
+----+----------+------+
| id | username | pid |
+----+----------+------+
| 3 | Rose | 2 |
+----+----------+------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
表级约束与列级约束
- 对一个数据列建立的约束,称为列级约束。
- 对多个数据列简历的约束,称为标记约束。
- 列级约束既可以在列定义时声明,也可以在列定义后声明。
- 表级约束只能在列定义后声明。
修改数据表-添加/删除列
添加单列
语法:
ALTER TABLE tbl_name ADD [COLUMN] col_name column_definition [FIRST | AFTER col_name]
查看users1
表结构:
mysql> SHOW COLUMNS FROM users1;
+----------+----------------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+
| Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
+----------+----------------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+
| id | smallint(5) unsigned | NO | PRI | NULL | auto_increment |
| username | varchar(10) | NO | | NULL | |
| pid | smallint(5) unsigned | YES | MUL | NULL | |
+----------+----------------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+
3 rows in set (0.02 sec)
增加一列:
mysql> ALTER TABLE users1 ADD age TINYINT UNSIGNED NOT NULL DEFAULT 10;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.23 sec)
Records: 0 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0
再增加一列:
mysql> ALTER TABLE users1 ADD password1 VARCHAR(32) NOT NULL AFTER username;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.10 sec)
Records: 0 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0
mysql> SHOW COLUMNS FROM users1;
+-----------+----------------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+
| Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
+-----------+----------------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+
| id | smallint(5) unsigned | NO | PRI | NULL | auto_increment |
| username | varchar(10) | NO | | NULL | |
| password1 | varchar(32) | NO | | NULL | |
| pid | smallint(5) unsigned | YES | MUL | NULL | |
| age | tinyint(3) unsigned | NO | | 10 | |
+-----------+----------------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+
5 rows in set (0.00 sec)
再插入一列,并查看表结构:
mysql> ALTER TABLE users1 ADD truename VARCHAR(20) NOT NULL FIRST;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.10 sec)
Records: 0 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0
mysql> SHOW COLUMNS FROM users1;
+-----------+----------------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+
| Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
+-----------+----------------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+
| truename | varchar(20) | NO | | NULL | |
| id | smallint(5) unsigned | NO | PRI | NULL | auto_increment |
| username | varchar(10) | NO | | NULL | |
| password1 | varchar(32) | NO | | NULL | |
| pid | smallint(5) unsigned | YES | MUL | NULL | |
| age | tinyint(3) unsigned | NO | | 10 | |
+-----------+----------------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+
6 rows in set (0.00 sec)
添加多列
语法:
ALTER TABLE tbl_name ADD [COLUMN] (col_name column_definition...)
删除列
ALTER TABLE tbl_name DROP col_name;
删除多列: ALTER TABLE tbl_name DROP col_name1,DROP col_name2;
修改数据表-添加约束
添加主键约束语法:
ALTER TABLE tbl_name ADD [CONSTRAINT [symbol]] PRIMARY KEY [index_type] (index_col_name,...)
创建一个新表:
mysql> CREATE TABLE users2(
-> username VARCHAR(10) NOT NULL,
-> pid SMALLINT UNSIGNED
-> );
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.09 sec)
添加一个字段:
mysql> ALTER TABLE users2 ADD id SMALLINT UNSIGNED;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.12 sec)
Records: 0 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0
添加主键:
mysql> ALTER TABLE users2 ADD CONSTRAINT PE_users2_id PRIMARY KEY (id);
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.07 sec)
Records: 0 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0
mysql> SHOW COLUMNS FROM users2;
+----------+----------------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
+----------+----------------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| username | varchar(10) | NO | | NULL | |
| pid | smallint(5) unsigned | YES | | NULL | |
| id | smallint(5) unsigned | NO | PRI | NULL | |
+----------+----------------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
3 rows in set (0.00 sec)
添加唯一约束:
mysql> ALTER TABLE users2 ADD UNIQUE (username);
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.03 sec)
Records: 0 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0
添加/删除默认约束
ALTER TABLE tbl_name ALTER [COLUMN] col_name {SET DEFAULT literal | DROP DEFAULT}
修改数据表-删除约束
删除主键约束
语法:
ALTER TABLE tbl_name DROP PRIMARY KEY
删除唯一约束
语法:
ALTER TABLE tbl_name DROP {INDEX | KEY} index_name
修改数据表-修改列定义和更名数据库
修改列定义:
ALTER TABLE tbl_name MODIFY [COLUMN] col_name column_definition [FIRST | AFTER col_name]
数据表更名:
-
方法1:
ALTER TABLE tbl_name RENAME [TO | AS] new_tbl_name
-
方法2:
RENAME TABLE tbl_name TO new_tbl_name [, tbl_name2 TO new_tbl_name2] ...
总结
- 约束
- 功能
- NOT NULL(非空约束)
- PRIMARY KEY(主键约束)
- UNIQUE KEY(唯一约束)
- DEFAULT(默认约束)
- FOREIGN KEY(外键约束)
- 数据列的数目
- 表级约束
- 列级约束
- 功能
- 修改数据表
- 针对字段的操作:添加/删除字段、修改列定义,修改列名称等;
- 针对约束的操作:添加/删除各种约束
- 针对数据表的操作:数据表更名(两种方式)